Fig. 6: r&bLED patch combined with F-gel regulate macrophage polarization through energy-based metabolic reprogramming.

a Schematic diagram of the protocol (G1, Control; G2, LPS; G3, LPS + F-gel; G4, LPS+rLED; G5, LPS + F-gel+rLED) (rLED, 3 J/cm²; NADH concentration in F-gel,100 μM)). b Schematic diagram of the mechanisms of rLED combined with F-gel to regulates macrophage polarization through metabolic reprogramming. c Real-time measurement of ECAR and OCR (c) of THP-1 cells left unstimulated (control) or stimulated with LPS. d Intracellular NAD(H) levels (left) and NAD⁺/NAD(H) ratio (right) in THP-1 cells after different treatment. e Intracellular NO_x levels (left) and CIV activity (right) in THP-1 cells after different treatments. f, g NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation of THP-1 and RAW264.7 cells observed by CLSM (f) after cocultured with or without LPS and different treatments and quantitative analysis of P65 intensity in the nucleus (g). h, i iNOS of THP-1 and RAW264.7 cells observed by CLSM (h) after different treatments and quantitative analysis of average fluorescence intensity (i). j Pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in THP-1 cells culture supernatant quantified by ELISA. k Flow cytometry analysis of CD206 and CD86 expression in THP-1 cells. l Quantitative analysis of CD86^-/CD206^-, CD86⁺/CD206^- and CD86^-/CD206⁺ cells. Values in c-e, g, i, j represent the mean ± s.d. (n = 5 biologically independent samples in each group). Statistical significance was calculated via one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test. Panel a and b was created with BioRender.com released under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International license.