Fig. 7: In vivo efficacy on enhancing healing of MRSA-infected diabetic wound mouse model.

a The study protocol including STZ i.p. injection, wounding and MRSA inoculation in BALB/c mice, followed by the treatments (G1, control; G2, F-gel; G3, rLED+F-gel; G4, bLED+F-gel; G5, r&bLED+F-gel) (rLED, 3 J/cm²; bLED, 36 J/ cm²; NADH concentration in F-gel, 100 μM; TQ concentration in F-gel, 200 μg/mL). b Bacterial luminescence images of acutely infected wounds and representative photographs of microbial agar plates. c Mean luminescence was expressed as logarithmic relative luminescence units (lg RLU) per model relative to time zero. d Bacterial burdens in the wounds were evaluated after bacterial inoculation. e Representative photographs of skin wounds. f Quantitative data of wound healing ratio within 16 days of the different groups at different time points. g, i, k Representative images from day 8 and day 16 wounds with H&E (g), MTS (i), and immunofluorescence staining for CD31 and αSMA (k). h, j, l, Quantification of the granulation tissue thickness (h), collagen deposition ratio (j) and number of vessels (l) in different groups on day 8 and day 16. m-o, NAD⁺/NAD(H) ratio (m), CIV activity (n) and ATP level (o) in wound tissue after different treatments. Values in c, d, f, h, j, l, m–o represent the mean ± s.d. (n = 5 biologically independent samples in each group). Data are presented as mean values ± SEM. Statistical significance was calculated via two-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. Panel a was created with BioRender.com released under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International license.