Fig. 3: Sources of under/over-crediting analysed by carbon crediting studies covered in our assessment.
From: Systematic assessment of the achieved emission reductions of carbon crediting projects
The name of the authors shows the study, which analysed the specific source of over/under-crediting, otherwise, the box indicates ‘No’. The figure excludes several studies that analyse offset quality, namely Calel et al.18 Badgley et al.33 Holm et al.20 and Bomfim et al.45, because they could not be integrated into our quantitative assessment framework, but the findings are reviewed in the discussion section. Reasons for exclusion for each of these studies can be found in Supplementary Table 7. Only the first author’s name is shown due to space constraints. Note that the figure does not cover the field interventions as these did not issue carbon credits and, therefore, could not be integrated into our quantitative framework. IFM refers to Improved Forest Management.
