Fig. 2: Informal employment trends in mining and processing stages of critical energy materials by top producer countries. | Nature Communications

Fig. 2: Informal employment trends in mining and processing stages of critical energy materials by top producer countries.

From: Selected social impact indicators influenced by materials for green energy technologies

Fig. 2

Informal employment performance in mining and processing (mineral processing at the site of the mine) stages by top producer country between 2020 and 2030 relative to the threshold level (i.e., standard or benchmark for acceptable levels of informal employment by SDG) as a result of production of (a) Rare Earth Elements (REEs), (b) Nickel, (c) Silicon, (d) Graphite, (e) Magnesium, (f) Gallium, (g) Germanium, (h) Indium, (i) Aluminum, (k) Lithium, (l) Zinc, (m) Tellurium, (n) Cobalt. Stars indicate informal employment levels for the country in 2020. Open circles represent the estimated informal employment in 2030. The horizontal blue line represents the social threshold for sustainable development goals. Values above the social threshold mean successes in eradicating informal employment and vice versa.

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