Fig. 4: Impact of materials used in energy technologies on selected social indicators.
From: Selected social impact indicators influenced by materials for green energy technologies
Impact of critical energy materials on selected social indicators based on four applications (a) Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) and Li-ion batteries, (b) EVs, (c) wind turbines, (d) solar PVs from 2010 to 2030. Social indicators include FE – Female employment (as a percentage of female workforce); CL – Child labor (as a percentage of child population); E – Employment rate (as a percentage of country workforce); IE – Informal employment (as a percentage of total employment in a country); and LI – Labor income as part of country GDP in percentage. The calculations include mining, processing (mineral processing at the site of the mine) and manufacturing sectors.
