Fig. 1: Aging alters cellular components in the mammalian intestine epithelium.

a–h Immunohistochemistry images of human duodenum section from young (a–d) and old (e–h) group with Muc2 (a, e), ChgA (b, f), Lyz (c, g), and DCAMKL1 (d, h) staining. i–t Quantification of the percentage of GCs (i, m, q), EEs (j, n, r), PCs (k, o, s) and TCs (l, p, t) from the young and old group of human duodenum (i–l) and jejunum (m–p) section, and mouse duodenum (q–t) samples section. n = 12 (i-l), 8 (m–p) and 5 (q–t) samples in the young group and n = 7 (i–l), 5 (m–p) and 5 (q–t) samples in the old group. u The relative mRNA level of indicated marker genes from duodenum tissue of old and young mice. v–x Quantification of organoid survival rate (v), percentage of organoid with normal function indicated by buds number > 3 (w), number of buds per organoid (x) and number of PCs or EEs (y) at day 7 after seeding. Each dot represents repeating times in (v–w) and n = 9 in the young group and n = 10 in the old group. Each dot represents one organoid in (x–y) and n = 25 (x) and 30 (y) in the young group and n = 30 (x) and 30 (y) in the old group. z The relative mRNA level of indicated marker genes from organoids derived from old and young mice. Each dot represents the mean value of cell percentage from 5 randomly chosen villi (i, j, l, m, n, p, q, r and t) or crypts (k, o, s) in each section. The mRNA level of each gene from young mice was normalized to 1 and each experiment was repeated for 3 times in (u) and (z). Scale bar, 100 μm. Red arrows indicate cells with positive signals. Bars are mean ± SD. Statistics were measured by two-tailed, unpaired student’s t-tests. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. Individual-level data as well as gender and age of human participants are provided in this file.