Fig. 4: Chronology and hypothesized pathways of spread of H5N1 HPAI (2.3.4.4b) viruses in South America, 2022–2023. | Nature Communications

Fig. 4: Chronology and hypothesized pathways of spread of H5N1 HPAI (2.3.4.4b) viruses in South America, 2022–2023.

From: Epidemiological data of an influenza A/H5N1 outbreak in elephant seals in Argentina indicates mammal-to-mammal transmission

Fig. 4

H5Nx HPAI detections (1-Sep-2022 to 31-Dec-2023) reported to the World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS/WOAH) and by the Chilean Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero (SAG) are represented by orange circles (wild birds), green triangles (domestic birds) and blue squares (mammals). Note that there are significant differences in surveillance strategies among countries that may produce gaps or distortions in the geographic distribution of H5Nx HPAI detections and the presumed pathways of virus spread. The location of the outbreak investigated in this study (Península Valdés) is highlighted in red. Arrows represent the timeline of hypothesized pathways of virus spread, as derived from the chronology of detections and our phylodynamic analysis. The pathways of virus spread and significant events of the avian and marine mammal clade viruses are represented in dark orange and dark blue, respectively. Note that virus spread pathways in this figure are intended as a conceptual model and are not geographically precise. Source data for the geographic locations of H5Nx HPAI detections are provided as a Source Data file.

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