Fig. 1: Structure information of Ch2-VOH and Ch-VOH.

a XRD patterns. Both samples have the same crystal structure but different spacing distances of (001) crystal plane. b The V K-edge XAS spectra of V foil and V oxides with different oxidation states. The pre-edge peak reflects the octahedra distortion and the 1 s → 3 d electron hopping, the near edge presents the chemical states of V in the different chemical surroundings. c The enlarged image of absorption edge from Fig. b. The change in oxidation state is reflected by the almost 3 eV difference in rising edge energies between V2O3 and V2O5. d V K-edge EXAFS (point) of Ch-VOH and Ch2-VOH and their fitting curves (line) in R-space. The data are K2-weighted without phase-corrected. e O K-edge soft XAS spectra of Ch-VOH and Ch2-VOH. The corresponding wavelet transform diagrams of (f) Ch-VOH and (g) Ch2-VOH. The V-O chemical coordination have changed in the ab plane of the octahedra.