Fig. 5: Properties of the F6L-derived SEI.

a The comparison of the Rf,av., σRf, and CV,Rf values obtained from the EIS spectra of Li symmetric cells with different electrolytes during resting at room temperature. b The activation energies for Li-ion crossing the SEI (Rf) formed in Blank, F6, and F6L. c The comparison of the Rf,av., σRf, and CV,Rf values obtained from the EIS spectra of Li symmetric cells with different electrolytes during Li plating or stripping at 0.5 mA cm−2. Before EIS testing, the cells were executed 10 cycles at 0.5 mA cm−2/0.5 mAh cm−2 to form a stable SEI on the Li metal anode. d Voltage profiles of Li||Cu half-cells and the corresponding SEM images of the Li metal morphology in e Blank, f F6, and g F6L during cycling at 0.5 mA cm−2. h The long-term cycling performance of Li symmetric cells with different electrolytes at 1 mA cm−2/1 mAh cm−2. i Zoom-in voltage profiles of Li symmetric cells at 101th and 426th cycle. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.