Fig. 5: Identification of SAA1 as a predictive marker for lung cancer bone metastasis inferred by the overlap results from sera and single-cell DNB algorithm.
a Serum DNB proteins were overlapped with primary lesion DNB genes, in which comparative analyses were made to filter the most relevant organ-specific serum biomarkers ((1) and (2)). Different letter marks indicate significant differences (P < 0.05). In this case, proteins/genes marked in red indicate high specificity in their belonging groups (five different metastatic states). Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn’s tests were performed to make inter-group comparisons. b SAA1 expression distribution in the UMAP plot. c The clinical significance of SAA1 as a biomarker in lung adenocarcinoma was illustrated, in which the overall survival and first progression results were significant. d Schematic figure indicating animal model validation of SAA1 as a serum biomarker for bone metastasis. The number of mice in each group was 16. The figure was partly generated using Servier Medical Art, provided by Servier, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 unported license. e The serum SAA1 was measured in two different cell lines-generated bone metastasis models. A total of 16 mice were included after model construction for each cell line (Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC)-model or KRASG12DTP53−/− (KP)-model), and a comparison was made between primary (n = 8) and bone metastasis (n = 8) groups. The serum level of SAA1 was significantly higher in the samples of bone metastasis compared those without bone metastasis. One-way ANOVA was performed to make inter-group comparison. The P value for LLC-model comparison between primary and bone metastasis groups was 0.005, and the P value for KP-model comparison between primary and bone metastasis groups was <0.001. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
