Fig. 2: Self-healing and SEI-forming ability revealed by operando synchrotronic imaging and spectroscopic techniques.

a Overlaid S K-edge and P K-edge XRF mappings of the PCE-based SSLMB before and after cycling at 22 °C for 12 h. b A schematic illustration of the tube battery and experimental set-up for XRF and XAS characterization. c In-situ high-resolution XRF images showing voids’ self-healing dynamics at different cycling states. d Size evolution of the left void in XRF images showing the accelerated self-healing process. Operando S K-edge XAS obtained at the PCE-electrode interface (e) and bulk PCE area (f) at 22 °C. g Overlaid S K-edge, P K-edge, and Cl K-edge XRF images showing the individual migration trend of polymer main chain (S), lithium salt (Cl), and LATP (P).