Fig. 5: The performance and physical demonstration of pouch cells.

a Structure and interface mechanism of multi-layer pouch cell. b Physical diagram of a pouch cell with mass load of 10 mg cm–2. c Long-term cycle performance of multi-layer pouch cell with ULCE at various temperatures and d corresponding charge and discharge curves. Schematic illustration of four pouch cells-powered satellite models at e 20 and f −20 °C with ULCE.