Fig. 3: Element analysis revealing different forms of native oxide at the bonded interface.

a Nanometer-thick continuous oxide layer at 0.04 ζmax. b Oxide particle with a diameter of approximately 16 nm at 0.24 ζmax. c Few-nanometer-sized oxide debris at 0.43 ζmax. The elemental mappings correspond to the location of the red dashed lines in the TEM images. ζmax is the maximum interfacial arc length. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.