Fig. 3: Performance of Fe/GO membranes.
a Water permeance and DCAA reduction efficiency of Fe/GO membranes as a function of iron loading amounts. Conditions of the feed solution: initial DCAA level = 180 µg L−1, initial S(IV) level = 1.0 mM, pHini. 7.0 ± 0.1, and 25 ± 0.5 oC. b Cl-containing product and the mass balance of the total Cl in Fec1.5/GO membranes/S(IV) systems. c, Reduction efficiency of DCAA under various processes. Conditions of the feed solution: initial DCAA level = 180 µg L−1, pHini. 7.0 ± 0.1, and 25 ± 0.5 oC. d Normalized concentration of DCAA (C/C0) versus membrane retention time. Retention time indicates the ratio of the pore volume within the catalytic membrane over the flow rate through the membrane. As shown in Eq. 1 in the methodology according to a previous study39, it can be experimentally controlled by adjusting the applied pressure. e Comparison of first-order rate constant (k) values. Critical retention time indicates the time for achieving > 90% of removal (Supplementary Table 1). f Comparison of permeance and removal efficiency between our Fe/GO membrane and other nanofiltration, forward osmosis, and reverse osmosis membranes (Supplementary Table 2). g Stability test of water permeance and reduction efficiency over cycle times. h Reduction efficiency of four HAAs and two chlorinated organic pollutants. Conditions of the feed solution: initial level of each HAA = 180 µg L−1, initial levels of DCA and TCA = 0.5 mM, initial S(IV) level = 1.0 mM, pHini. 7.0 ± 0.1, and 25 ± 0.5 oC. Error bars represent the standard deviation from at least triplicate experiments. Some of the error bars are smaller than the symbols.
