Fig. 2: PDDA scavenges various types of ROS and generates proliferative products.

a Schematic illustration of the simultaneous ROS elimination and proliferative SA generation by PDDA. b–d Concentration-dependent elimination of ·O₂⁻ (b), ·OH (c), and ClO⁻ (d) by PDDA (n = 3 independent experiments). e–g ¹H NMR (e), ¹³C NMR spectra (f), and HR-MS spectra (g) of crude mixture of PDDA degradants by ·OH. SA was used as a reference. h Representative images of HUVECs migration following 24 h of incubation with SA and PDDA degradants (n = 5). Scale bars: 100 μm. i Relative mRNA expression levels of growth factor VEGFA and angiogenesis marker Angpt2 in SA and PDDA degradants-treated HUVECs (n = 3 independent experiments). j Representative images and quantitative analysis of transwell migration assay in PDDA degradants-treated HUVECs (n = 5 independent experiments). Scale bars: 100 μm. k Representative images and quantification of tube formation in PDDA degradants- treated HUVECs (n = 3 independent experiments). Scale bars: 100 μm. All data were presented as the mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was determined using unpaired two-sided Student’s t-tests. Parts of a were created with BioRender.com.