Fig. 4: Biological characterization of various wound dressings.

a Representative image of in vivo hemostasis of dressings in mice liver bleeding. b, c Corresponding blood loss (b) and hemostasis time (c) in mice (n = 3). d Antibacterial effect of the extract solution of various dressings against S.aureus (n = 3 independent experiments). e Degradation profiles for CS films, CN films, and PCD in PBS (n = 3 independent samples). f Dilution-dependent antibacterial effect of the extract solution of various dressings against S.aureus (n = 3 independent experiments). g Cell viability of NIH/3T3 cells after being incubated with the extract solution of various dressings (n = 5 independent experiments). h Images and quantitative analysis of hemolysis of the extract solution of various dressings (n = 3 independent experiments). i Images (inset) and the absorption time course curve of TMB at 652 nm with CS film, CN film, and PCD in the presence of H₂O₂ (300 μM) and Fe²⁺ (300 nM). j Time-dependent ¹H NMR spectroscopic change of PDDA degradants in the presence of H₂O₂ (10 mM) and Fe²⁺ (10 μM). k Time-dependent ¹H NMR spectroscopic change of PDDA degradants without ROS. l Quantification of succinic acid with different concentrations of ROS. Low ROS: H₂O₂ (10 mM) and Fe²⁺ (2 μM); Medium ROS: H₂O₂ (10 mM) and Fe²⁺ (5 μM); High ROS: H₂O₂ (10 mM) and Fe²⁺ (10 μM). All data were presented as the mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was determined using a one-way ANOVA test followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison analysis.