Table 4 Estimated treat-to-target cholesterol-lowering^a effects on cardiovascular disease (CVD), all-cause mortality, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) using parametric g-formula estimators and doubly-robust estimators

Outcomes	Parametric g-formula estimator	Doubly-robust estimator
CVD
Risk ratio (95% CI)	0.88 (0.82 to 0.96)	0.90 (0.88 to 0.93)
Absolute risk reduction (%, 95% CI)	−2.3 (−3.4 to −0.8)	−2.1 (−3.4 to −0.7)
All-cause mortality
Risk ratio (95% CI)	0.88 (0.84 to 0.93)	0.91 (0.88 to 0.94)
Absolute risk reduction (%, 95% CI)	−3.0 (−4.3 to −1.8)	−2.5 (−4.1 to −0.9)
ASCVD
Risk ratio (95% CI)	0.85 (0.81 to 0.93)	0.88 (0.85 to 0.90)
Absolute risk reduction (%, 95% CI)	−2.6 (−3.5 to −1.2)	−2.6 (−4.3 to −0.9)

Note: ^aTreat-to-target cholesterol-lowering intervention is based on cholesterol-lowering targets recommended by the Chinese Society of Cardiology in 2020 on LDL-C and non-HDL-C levels, i.e., for participants with diabetes at high cardiovascular risk, lower the LDL-C to < 1.8 mmol/L (70 mg/dL, i.e., a fixed level drawed from a uniform distribution with a upper bound of 1.8 mmol/L) or LDL-C reduction to > 50% from baseline whichever is the lowest and non-HDL-C to <2.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL, i.e., a fixed level drawed from a uniform distribution with a upper bound of 2.6 mmol/L); for participants without diabetes who are at moderate-to-high cardiovascular risk lower the LDL-C to < 2.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL, i.e., a fixed level drawed from a uniform distribution with a upper bound of 2.6 mmol/L) and non-HDL-C to < 3.4 mmol/L (130 mg/dL, i.e., a fixed level drawed from a uniform distribution with a upper bound of 3.4 mmol/L); for participants at low cardiovascular risk, lower LDL-C to < 3.4 mmol/L (130 mg/dL, i.e., a fixed level drawed from a uniform distribution with a upper bound of 3.4 mmol/L) and a non-HDL-C < 4.2 mmol/L (160 mg/dL, i.e., a fixed level drawed from a uniform distribution with a upper bound of 4.2 mmol/L).

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