Fig. 2: rs6048205-G led to a reduction of functional β cells at the β-like cell stage.

a mRNA levels of β cell markers (PDX1, NKX6-1, INS, GCG, and SST) detected by RT-qPCR at the β-like cell stage. Gene expression levels were normalized to GAPDH and then further normalized to the A/A group (n = 4 independent experiments). b, c Representative immunofluorescence images of β-like cell stage stained by PDX1 (red) and NKX6-1 (green) (b) and quantitative analysis for the percentage of cells expressing each marker (c) (n = 5 images). Scale bar, 100 µm. d Representative immunofluorescence images of β-like cell stage stained by C-PEP (red) and GCG (green). Scale bar, 100 µm. e Representative immunofluorescence images of β-like cell stage stained by C-PEP (red) and SST (green). Scale bar, 100 µm. f Quantitative analysis for the percentage of C-PEP+ monohormonal cells (n = 6 images), C-PEP+ /GCG+ polyhormonal cells (n = 6 images) and C-PEP+ /SST+ polyhormonal cells (n = 11 images in A/A, n = 10 in A/G and n = 12 in G/G) in Fig. 2d, e. g, h Glucose-stimulated insulin (g) and C-PEP (h) secretion assay comparing the function of G/G and A/A β-like cells. The stimulation index is calculated as the ratio of C-peptide released at high glucose concentration (20 mM) to low glucose (2 mM) (n  =  3 independent experiments). Data are presented as the mean ± SD. Statistical significance was determined using the unpaired, two-tailed t-test in (a, c, f, g, h) (ns not significant). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.