Table 1 Natural selection during the incipient stages of character displacement

Trait	β / γ	SE	z	p
Pre-invasion (n = 338)
Body size (SVL)	+ 0.663	0.472	+ 1.211	0.226	–
Forelimb length	− 0.826	0.446	− 1.800	0.072	–
Hind limb length	+ 0.174	0.496	+ 0.385	0.700	–
Forelimb x Hind limb	+ 0.114	0.231	+ 0.317	0.801	–
Post-invasion (n = 569)
Body size (SVL)	− 0.343	0.293	− 1.391	0.164	–
Forelimb length	− 0.265	0.255	− 0.970	0.332	–
Forelimb length²	− 0.853	0.450	− 2.051	0.040	*
Hind limb length	+ 0.878	0.296	+ 2.956	0.003	**
Forelimb x Hind limb	+ 0.817	0.476	+ 1.906	0.057	–

Mixed-effects models describing the relationship between key morphological traits and Anolis sagrei survival before and after the invasion of A. cristatellus. Both linear (β) and non-linear (quadratic and correlational, γ) selection coefficients are shown. All p-values are from multivariate selection models following Lande & Arnold⁸⁹. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.

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