Fig. 2: Digital-twin simulation of the separator pore collapse upon Si volume expansion.
From: Mechanical shutdown of battery separators: Silicon anode failure
a A digital-twin 3D model structure of the Si full cell. b Theoretical projection of the intersection (effective contact area) between the PE separator and electrode active particles. c A chart showing the area fraction of the intersection between the PE separator and electrode active particles: The first row represents the area fraction occupied by the polymeric region and pore in the PE separator; the second row represents the area fraction of the anode constituents in contact with the polymeric region of the PE separator; and the third row represents the fraction of the cathode constituents in contact with the polymeric region of the PE separator and Si active particles (Source data are provided as a Source Data file). d, e Simulated pore structure of the interface of PE separator–Si anode under a pressure of 0 MPa (d), and 6 MPa (e). f Variations in the Li+ density distribution in the PE separator before and after exposure to the local compressive pressure. g, h Ion conductivity (g) and porosity (h) of the PE separator before and after exposure to the local pressure (Source data of Fig. 2f–h are provided as a Source Data file).
