Fig. 5: Identification of SAV1 as a tumor-suppressor gene in ICC.

A SAV1 expression examined by qRT-PCR and western blot in five ICC cell lines (HuCCT1, CCLP1, RBE, HCCC-9810, and SG231), one human immortalized nonmalignant cholangiocyte cell line (H-69), and stably transfected cells, n = 3, errors are in ±SD. (B) Proliferation of HuCCT1 cells after SAV1 knockdown and SG231 cells expressing wild-type or mutant SAV1 compared with that of controls, n = 4, errors are in ±SD. C Colony formation activity of HuCCT1 cells after SAV1 knockdown and SG231 cells expressing wild-type or mutant SAV1 compared with that of controls. The bar graphs illustrate quantification of the colony formation assay. Student’s t-test, two-sided, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, n = 6, errors are in ±SD. Scale bar: 400 μm. D Invasion of HuCCT1 cells after SAV1 knockdown and SG231 cells expressing wild-type or mutant SAV1 compared with that of controls. The graphs depict the number of invasive cells after 48 h. Student’s t-test, two-sided, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, n = 6, errors are in ±SD. Scale bar: 100 μm. E Representative bioluminescence images of mouse liver tumors and pulmonary metastasis, and H&E stained images of metastatic nodules in lungs. The color-scale bar depicts the photon flux emitted from the mice. Student’s t-test, two-sided, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, n = 6, errors are in ±SD. Scale bar: 100 μm. Con control, WT wild-type, sh short hairpin RNA. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.