Fig. 1: Formation of hybrid vanadate capsules.

Partial reduction of Na3VO4 using hydrazine hydrate as a reducing agent in the presence of di- and tri-functional organophosphonate H4BDP or H6BTP pro-ligands and alkali metal ions M, results in the formation of M-{V20} and M-{V30} cages. The method was adapted from synthetic procedures that give rise to compounds with {V5O9} building units. In addition, the syntheses employ N3- ions which are thought to act as templates in the formation capsular entities which are composed of mixed-valent {V5O9} units43,44,51.