Fig. 1: National ARG profiles of soil-dwelling Listeria.

a Prevalence of both present (blue) and functional (red) ARGs across Listeria genomes. b Proportion of functional ARGs among different Listeria species, both sensu stricto (green) and sensu lato (orange). c Richness of both present (blue) and functional (red) ARGs in different Listeria species. Error bars, mean ± standard deviation. For Listeria sensu stricto (green) species, sample size N is as follows: L. monocytogenes (177), L. innocua (33), L. marthii (14), L. farberi (5), L. cossartiae (11), L. swaminathanii (1), L. seeligeri (98), L. welshimeri (141), L. ivanovii (2), and L. immobilis (9). For Listeria sensu lato (orange) species, N is as follows: L. rocourtiae (2), L. booriae (90) L. aquatica (1), L. fleischmannii (3), L. grandensis (3), L. grayi (1), L. weihenstephanensis (1), L. portnoyi (1), and L. newyorkensis (1). d Spearman’s correlation between the genetic similarity to L. monocytogenes and average richness of functional ARGs in Listeria species. Genetic similarity was calculated based on pairwise average nucleotide identity (ANI) between genomes for a given species and L. monocytogenes. ρ represents Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. The line and shaded area depict the best-fit trendline and the 95% confidence interval (mean ± 1.96 standard error of the mean, SEM) for the linear regression. e Richness of functional ARGs among Listeria genomes across the US. The map was divided into eastern and western regions based on the longitudinal coordinate of the center of the US (−95°). Circles and crosses indicate genomes with and without functional ARGs, respectively, and are color-coded by species. Circle size is proportional to the richness of functional ARGs in each genome. f Richness of functional and present ARGs among Listeria genomes compared between the eastern and western US. A two-sided Mann-Whitney U test P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. N = 417 and 177 for the eastern and western regions, respectively, for both present and functional ARG richness. Box plots show the interquartile range (IQR), with the line representing the median and whiskers extending to 1.5 times the IQR.