Fig. 3: Multiple myeloma long-term survivor patients display sustained signs of immune remodeling decades after a single therapy line.

a UMAP of CD14 + monocytes from the BM dataset split by clinical groups. Cells are colored by the density (top row), dissimilarity score (middle row), and dissimilarity-based classification into aberrant-like, healthy-like, and undefined cell states (bottom row). Cells from the respective other clinical states are depicted in gray. b Distribution of the dissimilarity score by clinical group summarizing the remodeling of CD14 + monocytes. Large dots indicate sample means. Benjamini-Hochberg adjusted p-values from unpaired (Healthy(n = 3)/ID(n = 11), Healthy (n = 3)/LTS(n = 11)) and paired (ID(n = 11)/LTS(n = 11)) two-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum tests are shown. c Bar plot summarizing fractions of predicted cell states by the clinical group from (a). d UMAP of CD8 + T cells split by clinical groups. Cells are colored by the density (top row), dissimilarity score (middle row), and dissimilarity-based classification into aberrant-like, healthy-like, and undefined cell states (bottom row). Cells from the corresponding other clinical states are shown in a grayscale. e Distribution of the dissimilarity score by clinical group summarizing the remodeling of CD8 + T cells. Large dots indicate sample means. Benjamini-Hochberg adjusted p-values from unpaired (Healthy(n = 3)/ID(n = 11), Healthy(n = 3)/LTS(n = 11)) and paired (ID(n = 11)/LTS(n = 11)) two-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum tests are shown. f Bar plot summarizing fractions of predicted cell states by the clinical group from (d). g UMAP of CD8 + T cells, classified into naïve, memory, cytotoxic, and KLRB1 + subsets. h Bar plot summarizing fractions of cell subsets by the clinical group from (g). If not stated otherwise, paired human BM samples from 11 MM patients at ID and LTS, as well as 3 healthy, age-matched controls, were used for comparison. Abbreviations: BM: bone marrow; ID: initial diagnosis; LTS: long-term survival. Bar plots: Error bars indicate the standard error of the mean (SEM); Box plots: center line, median; box limits, first and third quartile; whiskers, smallest/largest value no further than 1.5*IQR from the corresponding hinge.