Fig. 2: Characterizations of GP-NCM. | Nature Communications

Fig. 2: Characterizations of GP-NCM.

From: Gradient-porous-structured Ni-rich layered oxide cathodes with high specific energy and cycle stability for lithium-ion batteries

Fig. 2

a, b are representative SEM images of GP-NCM and P-NCM secondary particles, respectively. High-magnification SEM images are included as the insets, showing a looser primary-particle arrangement in GP-NCM. c, d are cross-sectional SEM images of GP-NCM and P-NCM, respectively. The cross-sections were prepared by Ar-ion milling. e Comparison of cross-sectional porosity of GP-NCM and P-NCM. The porosity was calculated by threshold segmentation based on the grayscale value at each image pixel, with the porous region being darker. The calculation was done for 25 randomly selected cross-sections (15 for GP-NCM versus 10 for P-NCM, see Supplementary Fig. 9 for more details). f, g, and h show the spatial distribution of the internal pores along the radial direction of the secondary particles’ cross-sections, which were approximated to a series of concentric circles with different radii, ranging from 50% to 100% relative to the radius of the largest circle.

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