Fig. 3: Three-dimensional characterizations of the pores in GP-NCM. | Nature Communications

Fig. 3: Three-dimensional characterizations of the pores in GP-NCM.

From: Gradient-porous-structured Ni-rich layered oxide cathodes with high specific energy and cycle stability for lithium-ion batteries

Fig. 3

a Schematic illustration of the 3D tomographic imaging experiments. Panel (a1) shows that SEM images are continuously acquired as the secondary particle is gradually milled by a focused-ion beam. The SEMs images are aligned and reconstructed to provide a 3D visualization of the secondary particle (a2). b Pore analysis derived from the 3D reconstruction results. c The pore volume distribution inside the GP-NCM secondary particle. The sector diagram inside the purple area specifies the pores with pore volume > 0.030 μm3. d The 3D spatial distribution of large pores (pore volume > 0.030 μm3). This 3D reconstruction was made by eliminating the small pores (pore volume < 0.030 μm3) shown in Panel (b), which proves that large pores are mainly located at the interior of the secondary particle.

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