Fig. 6: GP-NCM as a high-performance ASSB cathode.

a Schematic illustration of the ASSB. b, c are voltage profiles of GP-NCM and P-NCM between 2.2 V and 3.7 V (The potential of anode Li-In reference versus Li⁺/Li is 0.6 V), respectively. The ASSBs were cycled at 0.1 C (1 C is approximately ~ 4 mA cm⁻²) for three cycles and then switched to 0.5 C-0.5 C cycling between 2.2 V and 3.7 V in the subsequent cycles. A constant-voltage charging step was adopted during the 0.5 C cycling, and the cut-off current was approximately 0.05 C. d Cycle performance of GP-NCM and P-NCM in ASSBs under a stack pressure of 100 MPa at 0.5 C (2 mA cm⁻²) at 30 °C. The capacity retention is calculated based on 1^st cycle of 0.5 C.