Fig. 7: GP-NCM with a high Ni content and specific energy.
a, b are cross-sectional SEM images of GP-Ni96 (LiNi0.96Co0.02Mn0.02O2) and P-Ni96, respectively. c Voltage profiles of GP-Ni96 and P-Ni96 at the 1st charge-discharge cycle at 0.1 C (1 C = 245 mA g−1) and 25 °C, which were measured in half cells using Li metal as the counter electrodes. d Specific energy density based on the cathode of GP-Ni96 and P-Ni96 cathodes at 0.1 C, 0.33 C, and 0.5 C, respectively. In each group, four batteries were tested. e Cycle performance of GP-Ni96 and P-Ni96 in practical pouch-type full cells at 1 C rate and 25 °C, using artificial graphite as the anode. The full cells were cycled between 3.1 and 4.2 V. Capacity grading was carried out at 0.1 C every 200 cycles. The capacity retention is calculated based on the 1st cycle of 1 C. The inset shows the results from high-temperature storage tests. Three duplicate pouch cells for each group were fully charged to 4.2 V and stored in a constant-temperature chamber set at 60 °C. The reversible capacity after storage was measured by cycling the batteries at 0.33 C between 3.1 and 4.2 V (after 15 and 42-day storage).
