Fig. 5: Surface residues influenced IONPs’ biodistribution, cellular internalisation and the biodistribution of immune cells.

A Schematic illustration of experimental workflow (Created in BioRender. Chen, F. (2022) https://BioRender.com/b86y336). B The half-lives of IONPs. The sample was collected at different points, and IONPs were determined by iron assay (n = 6 mice/group). The t1/2 was calculated by nonlinear regression curve fitting. C The iron was quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) (n = 3 mice). D Schematic illustration for the tracking CFSE labelled peripheral blood immune cells upon IONPs treatment. Created in BioRender. https://BioRender.com/a59b438. E Organ relative distribution of CFSE+ peripheral cells (n = 3 mice), the experiment was independently repeated twice. F Schematic illustration of the experimental setups. G The absolute count of immune cells in mouse whole blood (n = 3 mice) that phagocytosed plasma-preincubated IONPs. Data are presented as mean ± SD. The experiment was independently repeated twice. A two-tailed t-test was used in (G). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.