Fig. 4: Evaluation of ICD, macrophage polarization, and anti-metastasis effect.

a, b CRT exposure on the 4T1 cell surface was detected by confocal microscope and flow cytometry (scale bar = 50 μm, n = 3 independent cell lines). c, d Extracellular HMGB-1 and ATP levels of tumor cells after incubation with different formulations (n = 3 independent cell lines). e–g Secreted IL-10, TGF-β, and IFN-γ by RAW264.7 cells after treatment with different formulations (n = 3 independent cell lines). h, i Flow cytometry analysis of the abundance of CD86⁺ and CD206⁺ RAW264.7 cells after incubation with various formulations (n = 3 independent cell lines). j–l Microscopy images of wound healing assay, migration assay, and invasion analysis of 4T1 cells treated with different formulations (scale bar = 100 μm). All data are presented as mean ± SD. Two-tailed Student’s t test and One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a Tukey post hoc test were used for the statistical comparison between the two groups and among multiple groups, respectively. A significant difference was considered when the p value was < 0.05. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.