Fig. 5: Mechanism study of 15&15R@VNP-assisted MWA therapy.

A Schematic illustration of the in vivo mechanism study in a murine H22 tumor model, the figure was created in BioRender. Yujie (2024) https://BioRender.com/y24m952. Flow cytometric analysis (B) and proportions (C) of CD8⁺ T cells (CD45⁺CD3⁺CD8⁺) in tumor tissues after different treatments as indicated. Proportions of Ki67⁺CD8⁺ T cells (CD45⁺CD3⁺CD8⁺Ki67⁺, D), CD69⁺ T cells (CD45⁺CD3⁺CD69⁺, E) and CD69⁺CD8⁺ T cells (CD45⁺CD3⁺CD8⁺CD69⁺, F) inside the tumors after various treatments as indicated. G Intratumoral percentages of CD69⁺ NK cells (CD45⁺CD3⁻CD49b⁺CD69⁺) after different treatments as indicated. Flow cytometric analysis (H) and proportions (I) of IFN-γ⁺ T cells (CD45⁺CD3⁺CD8⁺IFN-γ⁺) in tumor tissues after different treatments as indicated. The protein levels of IFN-γ inside the tumors (J) and in serum (K) after various treatments as indicated. Flow cytometry analysis (L) and corresponding semiquantitative analysis (M) of PD-1 in CD8⁺ T cells in tumor tissues after different treatments as indicated. Data in C–G, I–K, and M were represented as the mean ± SD, p values were calculated by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons, n = 5 mice. N Schematic illustration of the in vivo study schedule of the CD8⁺ T and NK-cell depletion assay, the figure was created in BioRender. Yujie (2024) https://BioRender.com/g13k834. O Tumor growth curves of H22 tumor-bearing mice after different treatments as indicated, (group I and VI (n = 8 mice), group II, III, and IV (n = 10 mice)). Data in C was presented as the mean ± SEM, p value was calculated by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons. Bac bacteria, MWA microwave ablation. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.