Fig. 6: ICB antibody therapy to boost 15&15R@VNP-assisted MWA tumor treatment.

A Intratumoral percentages of Tpex cells (CD3⁺CD8⁺PD-1⁺TCF1⁺) after different treatments as indicated. B Flow cytometry analysis (left) and corresponding semiquantitative analysis (right) of CXCR3 in CD8⁺ T cells in tumor tissues after different treatments as indicated. C Flow cytometric analysis (left) and proportions (right) of CXCR3⁺CD8⁺ T cells (CD3⁺CD8⁺CXCR3⁺) in tumor tissues after different treatments as indicated. Data in A–C were presented as the mean ± SD. p values in were calculated by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons, n = 5 mice. D On day 3 after treatment, control and MWA + 15&15R@VNP-treated tumor tissues derived lymphocytes were taken for transcriptome sequencing. The overall distribution of regulated genes is represented by a volcano plot, in which the abscissa and ordinate represent the fold change of gene expression in different samples and statistical significance (p value) of the difference in gene expression, respectively. The red, blue and gray dots represent the upregulated, downregulated and no significant changes of genes, respectively. Statistical significance was calculated via two-tailed Student’s t test (n = 3 samples). E GO enrichment analysis of the upregulated genes in tumor tissues-derived lymphocytes from the MWA + 15&15R@VNP-treated mice. F The enrichment scatter plot to show KEGG enrichment analysis of a selection of immune-related KEGG terms. Statistical significance was calculated via two-tailed Student’s t test (n = 3 samples). G Schematic illustration of the sorting and treatment of tumor-derived CD8⁺ T cells in tumor-bearing mice, the figure was created in BioRender. Yujie (2024) https://BioRender.com/o71q099. H The percentage of Tpex cells under different treatments, data in H was presented as the mean ± SD, p values were calculated by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons, n = 3 samples. I Schematic illustration of the in vivo treatment schedule by combining ICB therapy with 15&15R@VNP-assisted MWA for CT26 tumor model, the figure was created in BioRender. Yujie (2024) https://BioRender.com/g13k834. J Tumor growth curves of CT26 tumor-bearing mice after different treatments as indicated (group I, II, and IV (n = 6 mice), group III and V (n = 7 mice)). K Tumor growth curves of tumor rechallenge experiment in CT26 tumor-bearing mice as indicated (n = 5 mice). Data in J and K were presented as the mean ± SEM and the p values were calculated by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons. Bac bacteria, MWA microwave ablation. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.