Fig. 8: sPD-1-15&15R@VNP boosted the efficacy of MWA in the treatment of in situ liver cancer and the long-term safety of this therapy.

A Schematic illustration of in vivo therapeutic schedule in N1S1 rat tumor model, this figure was created in BioRender. Yujie (2024) https://BioRender.com/o11o903. Representative thermal images (B), and corresponding microwave heating profiles (C) of mice after different treatments as indicated (n = 3 rats). Corresponding T1 contrast-enhanced MRI scanning of N1S1 bearing rats with different treatments as indicated tumor curves (D), average (E, control (n = 4 mice), the other two groups (n = 5 mice)) and individual (F–H) tumor growth curves of different groups of N1S1 bearing rats after various treatments as indicated. Data in E was presented as the mean ± SEM and the p values were calculated by the two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons. I Schematic illustration of in vivo evaluation of irAE risk of engineered sPD-1-15&15R@VNP combined with MWA in H22 mouse tumor model, this figure was created in BioRender. Yujie (2024) https://BioRender.com/i42a859. The measured parameters included red blood cells (RBC, J), hemoglobin (Hb, K), and hematocrit (HCT, L) collected from these mice at day 30. M Generation of red cells in bone marrow. Representative FACS profiles (N) and analysis (O) of depicting distribution of Ter119, CD71 and forward scatters (FSC-A) among bone marrow cells. The gating and % of cells at stage I–V are indicated. Data in J–L, and O were presented as the mean ± SD and the p values were calculated by the two-tailed Student’s t test (J–L) and two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons (O), n = 7 mice. Bac bacteria, MWA microwave ablation. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.