Fig. 1: Thermo-responsive (TR) dynamic windows: configurations, key parameters and statistics, and representative energy performance.

a Double-pane TR window configuration. b Key parameters of TR windows. c Solar transmittance for dynamic window materials in clear (\({\tau }_{{{\rm {clear}}}}\)) and dark (\({\tau }_{{{\rm {dark}}}}\)) states. The gray shading area represents the excluded region, where \({\tau }_{{{\rm {clear}}}} \, < \, {\tau }_{{{\rm {dark}}}}\). RME indicates Reversible metal electrodeposition, and PDLC indicates polymer dispersed liquid crystal. d Solar modulation (\(\Delta {\tau }_{{{\rm {sol}}}}\)) and transition temperature (\({T}_{{{\rm {tran}}}}\)) for thermochromic (TC) materials. e–g, Total site energy savings per conditioned building (floor) area (\(\Delta {E}_{{{\rm {total}}}}\)) by TR windows as the function of transition temperature in hot (e), mixed (f), and cold (g) climates, respectively. h–j Energy savings (\(\Delta E\)) by TR windows (with optimal properties) in the aspect of heating, cooling, fans, and lighting as the function of transition temperature in hot (h), mixed (i), and cold (j) climates, respectively. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.