Fig. 3: Innovative indicators for thermo-responsive (TR) window performance. | Nature Communications

Fig. 3: Innovative indicators for thermo-responsive (TR) window performance.

From: Global and regional perspectives on optimizing thermo-responsive dynamic windows for energy-efficient buildings

Fig. 3

a Definition of key indicators about using thermo-responsive (TR) windows, total site energy saving (\(\Delta {E}_{{{\rm {TR}}}}\)), necessity level (\(\Delta {E}_{{\rm {n}}}\)), and recommendation index (TRRI), to comprehensively evaluate the performance of TR windows. \({E}_{{{\rm {dark}}}}\) and \({E}_{{{\rm {clear}}}}\) indicate the total site energy (\({E}_{{{\rm {total}}}}\)) by constantly dark and constantly clear TR windows, respectively. b–d US heatmaps of \(\Delta {E}_{{{\rm {TR}}}}\) (b), \(\Delta {E}_{{\rm {n}}}\) (c), and TRRI (d) rendered by representative cities. Maps of the US include Alaska and Hawaii as insets in the bottom left corner. The main map covers the contiguous states (25°N–49°N, 67°W–125°W), with Alaska and Hawaii positioned for visual clarity. State and county boundaries are provided by the US Census Bureau. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

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