Fig. 2: Electrochemical performances of NMV and NMV-M10 in 2.0–4.35 V (vs. Na+/Na).

a CV curves of NMV and NMV-M10 at 0.1 mV s−1; GCD profiles of b NMV and c NMV-M10 at 14 mA g−1; representative GCD profiles of d NMV and e NMV-M10 at different current densities; f rate performances and g cycling performances and Coulombic efficiencies of the NMV and NMV-M10 at 42 mA g−1; h cycling performance of NMV-M10 at 140 mA g−1. All the batteries are two-electrode coin cells, which were tested at 25 oC and the mass loading of active materials are in the range of 1–1.5 mg cm−2.