Fig. 5: PLA mediates SKN-1 and ATFS-1 pathway.

a Lifespan analysis of skn-1(zj15) with PLA treatment was performed. b Nuclear translocation of SKN-1::GFP was visualized using skn-1::gfp worms with PLA supplementation. Scale bars, 200 μm. c The quantification of SKN-1::GFP localization with PLA treatment (*p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.001 versus the control group, n = 20 worms × six measurements each). d Lifespan assay of atfs-1(gk3094) under PLA treatment. e ATFS-1::GFP localization was depicted with atfs-1::gfp worms under PLA treatment. Scale bars, 200 μm. f ATFS-1::GFP localization was quantified (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 versus the control group, n = 20 worms × six measurements each). g Organismal ATP level with PLA was estimated in atfs-1(gk3094) or skn-1(zj15) deletion mutant (**p < 0.01 versus the control group, n = 20 worms × 3 measurements each). h Thermotolerance assay of N2, atfs-1(gk3094) or skn-1(zj15) mutant worms under treatment of PLA (***p < 0.001 and ****p < 0.0001 versus the control group, n = 18–28 worms × 6 measurements each, respectively). i Oxidative stress resistance of N2, atfs-1(gk3094) or skn-1(zj15) mutant animals with PLA supplementation (***p < 0.001 and ****p < 0.0001 versus the control group, n = 20 worms × 9 measurements each). Overall differences between vehicle control (water) with conditions were analysed by two-way ANOVA. Differences in individual values or between two groups were determined using two-tailed t-tests (95% confidence interval). Error bars represent the mean ± s.d.