Fig. 2: Impact of altering the particle and polymer concentration, and the water/oil volume ratio upon system morphology.

a Bridged emulsion gel systems formed by polymer–NP ensembles with a NP concentration of (i) 2% w/w and (ii) 8% w/w at a fixed concentration of PDMS-NH2 (3% w/w). Water/oil ratio is 5:5 (v/v). b Emulsion systems formed by polymer–NP ensembles at constant NP concentration (4% w/w) with varying concentrations of PDMS-NH2 from (i) 1% w/w to (ii) 10% w/w. Water/oil ratio is 5:5 (v/v). c Phase diagram of bridged emulsion gels prepared by different concentrations of NPs in water and PDMS-NH2 in toluene. Water/oil ratio is 5:5 (v/v). The gray and blue circles correspond to emulsions and bridged emulsion gels, respectively; typical appearances are shown as 1 and 2. The red area highlights the experimental conditions leading to bridged emulsion gels. d Emulsion gel systems formed by polymer–NP ensembles with the volume ratio of the water to the oil phase of (i) 8:2 and (ii) 2:8. [SiO2 NPs] = 4% w/w, [PDMS-NH2] = 3% w/w.