Fig. 1: Schematic diagram of the designed bilayer-structured NBT-PEI/NBT-P(VDF-HFP) composites.

a Simulation of the real-time evolving distributions of the electric field in NBT-polymer composites. b Schematic diagram of bilayer-structured composites. c Schematic diagram of the trap energy level caused by the addition of the NBT sheets into composites. The trap energy level is calculated using Φe = EANBT − EAP, where EANBT and EAP are electron affinities of the NBT sheets and the polymer, respectively. d Schematic diagram of the interface effect occurring in heterogeneous systems of PEI and P(VDF-HFP).