Fig. 1: Structural characterization and electrochemical conversion process of Ni-SAs@GNM.

a–c TEM image (a), the corresponding EDS element mappings (b), and aberration-corrected HAADF-STEM image (c) of Ni-SAs@GNM. d Repeated CV cycles of Ni-SAs@GNM in Fe-free 1 M KOH electrolyte with a deliberate addition of 1 ppm Fe ions. e SXRF spectrum of the activated catalyst.