Fig. 5: Electrokinetic investigations.

a LSV curves of Fe1ppm-Ni-SAs@GNM recorded under different KOH concentration with iR-correction, where R was measured to be ~28.1, ~12.3, ~6.7, ~5.2, ~4.3, and ~2.8 Ω for 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, and 2 M KOH, respectively. Inset is the fitting plot of the potential at 1 mA cm−2 versus the logarithm of [OH−]. b Corresponding Tafel plots derived from (a). c CV curves of Fe1ppm-Ni-SAs@GNM recorded under different KOH concentrations with iR-correction. d Fitting plot of the iR-corrected reduction potential for the cathodic peak (Ecp-iR) versus the logarithm of [OH−]. e LSV curves of Fe1ppm-Ni-SAs@GNM in 1 M KOH/H2O and KOD/D2O electrolytes. Inset is the KIE values versus overpotential. The error bars are means ± standard deviation (3 replicates).