Fig. 3: Homogeneous and heterogeneous crystallization of CaCO3 under the influence of alternating electrical potentials. | Nature Communications

Fig. 3: Homogeneous and heterogeneous crystallization of CaCO3 under the influence of alternating electrical potentials.

From: Mitigating CaCO3 crystal nucleation and growth through continuous ion displacement via alternating electric fields

Fig. 3

a Bulk solution turbidity as a function of time under AC conditions at different voltages and frequencies as a function of time. b Bulk solution turbidity under a fixed frequency (100 Hz) and varying applied potentials. c Solution conductivity and pH as a function of time under all applied electrical conditions. Lines connecting the datapoints in a–c are to guide attention, not derived from the model. d Electrode % coverage and optical images of electrodes under varying applied electrical conditions. Error bars in a-d represent the standard deviations of triplicated (N = 3) samples of bulk solution and titanium plates. e SEM and EDS images of the electrode surface under 0 V and 4 Vpp, 1 Hz conditions showing the presence and absence of CaCO3 crystals.

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