Fig. 1: Stiffening and toughening polymeric gels via the synergy of crystal-domain cross-linking and chelation cross-linking.

a Schematic illustration of the consecutive preparation process of PVA/CMC composite gel (FTD-C) by the synergy strategy. b Contrasting mechanical properties of the FT and FTD-C gel. c Optical images of the flexible, strong and tough FTD-C gel, which can be used to carry a 10 kg bucket of water in a small piece. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3 independent samples).