Fig. 1: Cryo-EM structures of the VANGL1 and VANGL2 hexamer.

a Cryo-EM maps of the VANGL1 (left) and VANGL2 (right) hexamers. Maps are reconstructed using D3 symmetry and colored by chains. Extra scattered densities around the transmembrane regions are colored in grey, which might be lipids or detergents. The contour levels of these sharpened maps are 0.47 (VANGL1) and 0.16 (VANGL2), respectively. b Cartoon representations of the VANGL1 (left) and VANGL2 (right) structures. c The domain composition within the primary structures of VANGL1 and VANGL2. d Topology diagram of the VANGL protein. The TMD, JMD, HBD, and CTD are represented in blue, green, yellow, and red, respectively. The invisible NTD is indicated with dashed line. e Assembly of the VANGL1 trimer. One VANGL subunit is colored by different domains. The color code is the same as that in c. The other two subunits are colored in white and grey, respectively. Top (f) and bottom (g) views of the VANGL1 trimer. h Interaction details between two VANGL1 trimers for their hexamer assembly as indicated in the insets of (b). Residues involved in their interaction are shown with side chains. Dashed lines represent hydrogen bond interactions (<4.0 Å).