Fig. 4: The subcellular localization of VANGL1 and VANGL2.

a Representative images of U2OS cells co-expressing mNeongreen (mN)-VANGL1/mN-VANGL2 (Cyan) and Lamp1-mApple (Yellow). The experiments were performed in triplicate with similar results. Perinuclear and peripheral regions (outlined) are enlarged on the right. Representative images of U2OS cells co-expressing mN-VANGL1^WT (b) or mN-VANGL2 ^WT (c) and mScarlet (mSc) or mSc-PK1^WT. d Quantifications of the ratio of cell periphery/total intensity (%) for VANGL1 signals in U2OS cells expressing the indicated constructs. e Quantifications of the ratio of cell periphery/total intensity (%) for VANGL2 signals in U2OS cells expressing the indicated constructs. The experiments in (d) and (e) were repeated three times independently, each with n = 30 cells. The data are shown as the mean ± sem, and a two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test was used for statistical analysis. f Representative images of U2OS cells co-expressing mN-VANGL1^1-495 and mSc/mSc-PK1^WT. g Representative images of U2OS cells co-expressing mN-VANGL1^WT/mN-VANGL2^WT and mSc-PK1^1-744. Representative images of U2OS cells co-expressing mN-VANGL1^10mut and mSc (h) /mSc-PK1^WT (i). Scale bars in (a–c) and (f–i): 10 µm. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.