Fig. 5: Characterization of the VANGL-PK1 containing vesicles.

a Representative images of U2OS cells co-expressing mN-VANGL1/VANGL2 (Cyan) and mSc-PK1 (Yellow) which are also immune-stained with anti-Paxillin (Magenta). Peripheral regions (outlined) are enlarged on the right. Scale bars: 10 µm. b Representative polar-SIM images of U2OS cells co-expressing mN-VANGL1 (Cyan) and mSc-PK1 (Yellow) which are also stained with WGA (Magenta). The images are collected using Z stack mode of Polar-SIM. Two representative focal planes, one close to the bottom layer and one to the upper layer of the cell, are shown in the left with outlined regions enlarged. The 3D views of the regions (outlined) are enlarged on the right panel. Scale bars: 3 µm. Representative images of U2OS cells co-expressing mSc-PK1 and EGFP-Rab15 (c) or EGFP-Rab36 (d). Scale bars: 10 µm. All experiments in (a–d) were performed in triplicate with similar results. e Schematic image showing that PK1 promotes the formation of VANGL hexamer and assists plasma membrane docking of the Rab36-containing vesicles.