Fig. 5: CISS platforms by twisted van der Waals layers sandwiched between vertical electrodes.

The electrodes can be either metals or metallic/semimetallic van der Waals materials. Blue arrows indicate the magnetic material or a magnetic field. Magnetism can appear in one/both electrodes (a) and/or (b) in the twisted material. If the twisted layers are insulating, CISS-type MR can occur. If it is more conducting, it may exhibit EMCA. The role of SOC can be examined in different electrodes like graphite and transition metal dichalcogenides.