Fig. 1: Quantification of orbital torques.
From: Harnessing orbital Hall effect in spin-orbit torque MRAM

a Optical image of a device with the circuit diagram of the second harmonic Hall measurements. b First harmonic Hall voltage (V1ω) as a function of μ0Hx. Inset shows the Anomalous Hall voltage (VAHE) as a function of μ0Hz. c, d Second harmonic Hall voltage (V2ω)as a function of μ0Hx and μ0Hy, respectively.