Fig. 1: Nanoelectrode eAP and iAP data collection and pre-processing. | Nature Communications

Fig. 1: Nanoelectrode eAP and iAP data collection and pre-processing.

From: Intelligent in-cell electrophysiology: Reconstructing intracellular action potentials using a physics-informed deep learning model trained on nanoelectrode array recordings

Fig. 1

a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image of an NEA channel with nine nanocrown electrodes, alongside a schematic of the NEA setup. b A methodological comparison for capturing cardiac action potentials, presenting NEA alongside the reference patch clamp (PC) technique, ordered by their degree of invasiveness. The NEA’s functionality to convert eAPs into iAPs through precise biphasic electric pulses (electroporation) is demonstrated. c Simultaneous iAP recording from neighboring channels with a multi-step addition of Dofetilide, administered in concentrations of 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 nM. The process was conducted in three stages at approximately 400, 800, and 1200 s during the recording session to collect a diverse range of iAP shapes. d Comparison of iAP recording from neighboring channels by normalizing and segmenting them into arrays of length 8000 indices or 1.6 s. e Box plot distributions of difference in cycle time (dCT), correlation coefficient (r), mean absolute error (MAE), and APD50% and APD90% errors between neighboring and normalized iAP pairs with S/N > S/N* (= 90) for n = 2661 samples, comparing 22 pairs of neighboring iAP channels from two independent cell cultures. The box plot shows the median (center line), interquartile range (IQR; box bounds), whiskers (1.5×IQR), and outliers (points beyond whiskers). f Examples of iAP pairs from neighboring channels with the highest MAE, APD50, and APD90% errors, as indicated in the box plots. g collecting diverse iAPs and corresponding eAPs waveforms from neighboring channels on NEA from hiPSC-CMs, through the addition of drugs. h Collection of iAP/eAP pairs from neighboring channels by applying electroporation to one channel. Both iAP and eAP waveforms are normalized according to the Methods section. The signals are then segmented into windows of 800 indices or 1.6 s. The figure presents a wide range of collected eAPs and iAPs, including an overlay of the non-normalized eAP and iAP pairs. The study goal is to reconstruct iAP from eAP as illustrated.

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