Table 1 Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for incident cardiovascular disease according to categories of dairy consumption in China Kadoorie Biobank

From: A global analysis of dairy consumption and incident cardiovascular disease

 

Frequency of dairy consumption

P trend

 

Never/rarely

Monthly

1–3 d/wk

Regularly (≥4 d/wk)

CVD

 No of cases (%)

42,641 (12.6)

7830 (14.5)

5788 (14.1)

9873 (18.1)

 

 Person-years

2,939,269

450,552

343,795

457,060

 

 Model 1a

1 (Reference)

1.21 (1.18–1.24)

1.26 (1.23–1.30)

1.33 (1.30–1.36)

<0.001

 Model 2b

1 (Reference)

1.00 (0.98–1.03)

0.98 (0.95–1.01)

0.94 (0.92–0.97)

<0.001

 Model 3c

1 (Reference)

1.01 (0.99–1.04)

1.00 (0.97–1.03)

0.96 (0.93–0.98)

0.007

 Model 4d

1 (Reference)

1.03 (1.00–1.05)

1.03 (1.00–1.06)

1.00 (0.97–1.03)

0.470

CHD

 No of cases (%)

21,129 (6.3)

4032 (7.5)

3264 (8.0)

6051 (11.1)

 

 Person-years

3,006,398

463,388

352,952

471,541

 

 Model 1a

1 (Reference)

1.24 (1.20–1.28)

1.41 (1.36–1.46)

1.61 (1.57–1.66)

<0.001

 Model 2b

1 (Reference)

1.03 (1.00–1.07)

1.03 (0.99–1.07)

1.04 (1.00–1.07)

0.023

 Model 3c

1 (Reference)

1.04 (1.00–1.08)

1.05 (1.01–1.09)

1.05 (1.01–1.09)

0.002

 Model 4d

1 (Reference)

1.05 (1.02–1.09)

1.07 (1.03–1.12)

1.09 (1.05–1.13)

<0.001

Stroke

 No of cases (%)

25,708 (7.6)

4732 (8.8)

3338 (8.1)

5450 (10.0)

 

 Person-years

2,999,803

461,574

353,514

475,204

 

 Model 1a

1 (Reference)

1.20 (1.17–1.24)

1.20 (1.16–1.24)

1.17 (1.13–1.20)

<0.001

 Model 2b

1 (Reference)

0.98 (0.95–1.01)

0.96 (0.92–0.99)

0.88 (0.85–0.91)

<0.001

 Model 3c

1 (Reference)

0.99 (0.96–1.02)

0.98 (0.94–1.02)

0.89 (0.86–0.92)

<0.001

 Model 4d

1 (Reference)

1.01 (0.98–1.04)

1.01 (0.97–1.05)

0.94 (0.91–0.97)

0.005

Hemorrhagic stroke

 No of cases (%)

6128 (1.8)

825 (1.5)

410 (1.0)

552 (1.0)

 

 Person-years

3,065,433

475,123

363,921

492,972

 

 Model 1a

1 (Reference)

0.86 (0.80–0.92)

0.60 (0.55–0.67)

0.48 (0.44–0.52)

<0.001

 Model 2b

1 (Reference)

0.89 (0.83–0.96)

0.83 (0.75–0.92)

0.66 (0.60–0.72)

<0.001

 Model 3c

1 (Reference)

0.92 (0.85–0.99)

0.87 (0.78–0.96)

0.69 (0.63–0.76)

<0.001

 Model 4d

1 (Reference)

0.95 (0.88–1.02)

0.92 (0.83–1.02)

0.76 (0.69–0.83)

<0.001

Ischemic stroke

 No of cases (%)

20,256 (6.0)

4008 (7.4)

2992 (7.3)

4966 (9.1)

 

 Person-years

3,010,375

463,106

354,354

476,285

 

 Model 1a

1 (Reference)

1.30 (1.25–1.34)

1.37 (1.31–1.42)

1.35 (1.31–1.40)

<0.001

 Model 2b

1 (Reference)

0.99 (0.96–1.03)

0.98 (0.94–1.02)

0.90 (0.87–0.93)

<0.001

 Model 3c

1 (Reference)

1.00 (0.97–1.04)

1.00 (0.96–1.04)

0.91 (0.88–0.95)

<0.001

 Model 4d

1 (Reference)

1.02 (0.98–1.05)

1.03 (0.98–1.07)

0.96 (0.92–0.99)

0.090

  1. Multi-variable Cox proportional hazard model was used. All statistical tests were two-sided.
  2. aModel 1 was adjusted for age and sex.
  3. bModel 2 was further adjusted for study area (10 regions), survey season, education (no formal school, primary school, middle or high school, or college and above), income (in yuan/year; <5000, 5000–9999, 10,000–19,999, 20,000–34,999, or ≥35,000), physical activity (in MET-h/wk; quartiles), smoking (never/occasionally, former, or current smoker), alcohol drinking (never/occasionally, former, or current drinker), family history of CVD (yes or no), aspirin use (yes or no), vitamins use (yes or no) and minerals use (yes or no).
  4. cModel 3 was further adjusted for body mass index (in kg/m2; <18.5, 18.5–23.9, 24–27.9, or ≥28), history of hypertension (yes or no), and diabetes (yes or no).
  5. dModel 4 was further adjusted for red meat, fish, poultry, eggs, fruits (never/rarely, monthly, 1–3 days/week, or regularly), and vegetables (daily or less than daily).
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